‘The 22nd edition of The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation, released in May, includes a new Rule 18.3 for citing output from generative AI. Critics argue that the new rule “is fundamentally flawed in both conception and execution,” LawSites reports.’ Link: https://www.abajournal.com/news/article/latest-bluebook-has-bonkers-rule-on-citing-to-ai/

‘Italy has become the first EU member state to pass a national artificial intelligence law which secured final parliamentary approval on 17 September 2025 and complements the EU AI Act. This domestic legislation follows on from Italy’s “National AI Strategy” which, already back in 2020, highlighted that an ethical regulatory framework for AI must ensure…

‘This study examines the potential role of artificial intelligence (AI) in addressing sentencing inconsistencies within the legal system. While AI has shown promise in a range of legal tasks, its application in sentencing remains controversial due to concerns over transparency, bias, and accountability. A key challenge lies in the complex and opaque manner in which AI systems weigh all…

‘OpenAI will restrict how ChatGPT responds to a user it suspects is under 18, unless that user passes the company’s age estimation technology or provides ID, after legal action from the family of a 16-year-old who killed himself in April after months of conversations with the chatbot.’ Link: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/sep/17/chatgpt-developing-age-verification-system-to-identify-under-18-users-after-teen-death

‘Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly changing the way solicitors practice law, offering affordable and scalable solutions for tasks such as analysing cases, legal research and drafting documents. This paper proposes Aura (https://www.auralaw.uk/), an AI-enabled legal assistant, designed to improve efficiency and accessibility of UK legal practice. Aura is based on natural language processing (NLP) and…

‘Google weaving Gemini further into the popular Chrome browser is an inflection point for AI in our software, although some users will still be looking for the “off” switch.’ Link: https://www.wired.com/story/google-gemini-ai-chrome-browser/

‘The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into legislative drafting offers significant potential to enhance the quality, clarity, and coherence of legal texts while addressing key challenges in the legislative process. This paper explores AI’s role in legislative drafting by examining three main aspects: the foundational principles of proper legislation, the challenges faced by drafters, and…

‘Stanford Law School today [15 September] announced the launch of the Legal Innovation through Frontier Technology Lab, or liftlab, to explore how artificial intelligence can reshape legal services—not just to make them faster and cheaper, but better and more widely accessible.’ Link: https://law.stanford.edu/press/stanford-law-unveils-liftlab-a-groundbreaking-ai-initiative-focused-on-the-legal-professions-future/

Link: https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Ch/2025/2202.html

Link: https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKUT/IAC/2025/305.html

‘The EU AI Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1689) represents a significant departure from the EU’s traditionally restrained regulatory approach to commercial arbitration. The Act classifies certain use cases of AI in arbitration as potentially “high-risk” and introduces stringent compliance obligations for legal tech providers, arbitral institutions and arbitrators. This article argues that the Act’s application to…

‘Winston Weinberg’s company is making lawyers ‘a lot more productive’, but critics say it offers little more than ChatGPT.’ Link: https://www.ft.com/content/49d00498-9a15-4d26-b10c-938bd7e893c6

‘Legal dispute mediation plays a crucial role in resolving civil disputes, yet its empirical study is limited by privacy constraints and complex multivariate interactions. To address this limitation, we present AgentMediation, the first LLM-based agent framework for simulating dispute mediation. It simulates realistic mediation processes grounded in real-world disputes and enables controlled experimentation on key…

‘Studying legal history is crucial for understanding both the past and present of technology regulation, as past societies confronted challenges similar to those we face today. However, the scarcity of such studies in the existing literature highlights the need for a deeper exploration of how technology has historically shaped the legal framework.’ Link: https://academic.oup.com/jiplp/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jiplp/jpaf054/8246693

‘Although ‘in-the-wild’ technology testing provides an important opportunity to collect evidence about the performance of new technologies in real world deployment environments, such tests may themselves cause harm and wrongfully interfere with the rights of others. This paper critically examines real-world AI testing, focusing on live facial recognition technology (FRT) trials by European law enforcement…

‘Google DeepMind claims it has made a “historic” artificial intelligence breakthrough akin to the Deep Blue computer defeating Garry Kasparov at chess in 1997 and an AI beating a human Go champion in 2016.’ Link: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/sep/17/google-deepmind-claims-historic-ai-breakthrough-in-problem-solving

‘The Upper Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) has referred a barrister to the Bar Standards Board for presenting a bogus court decision generated using the ChatGPT artificial intelligence tool.’ Link: https://www.localgovernmentlawyer.co.uk/litigation-and-enforcement/400-litigation-news/62258-barrister-referred-to-bar-standards-board-for-using-false-ai-derived-precedents-in-court

‘Half of adults in the UK are concerned about the impact of artificial intelligence on their job, according to a poll, as union leaders call for a “step change” in the country’s approach to new technologies.’ Link: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/aug/27/half-of-uk-adults-worry-that-ai-will-take-or-alter-their-job-poll-finds

‘August is not yet over, and we have already seen around 30 alleged incidents of AI hallucinations and/or fabricated citations internationally. July alone recorded approximately 50 such incidents. I had initially hoped to review the cases monthly, but the sheer volume now requires a weekly update.’ Link: https://naturalandartificiallaw.com/ai-hallucinations-and-or-fabricated-citations/

‘Librarians helped us quiz AI bots with tough trivia, recent events questions and more. Some answers were impressive — others were worse than an old-fashioned Google search.’ Link: https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2025/08/27/ai-search-best-answers-facts/

‘The makers of ChatGPT are changing the way it responds to users who show mental and emotional distress after legal action from the family of 16-year-old Adam Raine, who killed himself after months of conversations with the chatbot.’ Link: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/aug/27/chatgpt-scrutiny-family-teen-killed-himself-sue-open-ai

‘Artificial intelligence (AI) is no longer a distant concept in legal practice – it is actively reshaping how legal services are delivered and, crucially, how they are priced. Tasks that once consumed hours – document review, legal research, contract drafting – can now be completed in a fraction of the time. As these efficiencies become…

‘Lawyers have a new duty to have a “competent functional understanding” of artificial intelligence (AI) as its use spreads across the profession, a specialist has argued.’ Link: https://www.legalfutures.co.uk/latest-news/lawyer-under-new-duty-to-have-functional-understanding-of-ai

‘The Trades Union Congress (TUC) is calling for the government to make changes to company tax regulations and extend the powers of regulators to ensure artificial intelligence (AI) is not abused by employers to weaken staff.’ Link: https://www.computerweekly.com/news/366630072/TUC-calls-for-government-crackdown-on-business-AI-shortcuts

‘There are increasing reports of people experiencing delusions after intensive use of AI chatbots. The phenomenon, dubbed ‘AI psychosis’, has raised concerns that features built into large language models may contribute to some users losing touch with reality. Madeleine Finlay speaks to Dr Hamilton Morrin, a psychiatrist and researcher at King’s College London, about his…

‘This chapter introduces a conceptual framework for qualitative risk assessment of AI, particularly in the context of the EU AI Act. The framework addresses the complexities of legal compliance and fundamental rights protection by itegrating definitional balancing and defeasible reasoning. Definitional balancing employs proportionality analysis to resolve conflicts between competing rights, while defeasible reasoning accommodates…

‘The choices made in the next few years about how AI enters the classroom will shape a generation’s relationship with both technology and learning. Today, we’re announcing two initiatives for AI in education to help navigate these critical decisions: a Higher Education Advisory Board to guide Claude’s development for education, and three AI Fluency courses…

‘Since starting this project, I’ve enjoyed speaking at events, but what I’ve valued most are the quieter conversations sparked by the blog. Hearing how Artificial Intelligence (AI) is already shaping, or is expected to shape, people’s practice has been fascinating. The discussions have ranged from the simple “What exactly is a prompt?” to the daunting “Will we all…

‘The capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have advanced to the point where entire textbooks can be queried using retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), enabling AI to integrate external, up-to-date information into its responses. This study evaluates the ability of two OpenAI models, GPT-3.5 Turbo and GPT-4 Turbo, to create and answer exam questions based on an…

‘In this post, I present and elaborate on my approach to AI and its use in the classroom both as a teaching tool and as one that students are increasingly turning to in their research and assessments. These conversations require nuance, a critical but not exceptionalist approach to technology, and an ethic of generosity towards…

‘Cloud services giant Fastly has released a report claiming AI crawlers are putting a heavy load on the open web, slurping up sites at a rate that accounts for 80 percent of all AI bot traffic, with the remaining 20 percent used by AI fetchers. Bots and fetchers can hit websites hard, demanding data from…

‘Wired and Business Insider have removed news features written by a freelance journalist after concerns they are likely AI-generated works of fiction.’ Link: https://pressgazette.co.uk/publishers/digital-journalism/wired-and-business-insider-remove-ai-written-freelance-articles/

‘This article critically examines the concept of systemic risk as used in the EU Act in relation to General-Purpose AI Models (GPAIMs). It argues that rather than resolving uncertainty, the Act institutionalises it, transforming systemic risk into a flexible yet uncertain legal category. Drawing on legal theory and sociological perspectives – especially systems theory –…

‘The EU Artificial Intelligence Act (‘AI Act’) pursues two overarching goals. First, to protect health, safety, and fundamental rights, while, secondly, improving the internal market by promoting the uptake of trustworthy artificial intelligence and supporting innovation. To pursue these two aims, the EU has opted for a dense regulatory framework consisting of (qualified) prohibitions of…

‘The growing use of generative artificial intelligence technology (gen-AI) technology in design creation offers valuable tool for increasing efficiency and for widening the creative perspectives of fashion designers. However, adopting AI tools in the fashion design process raises important copyright concerns, too. First, this article explores copyright implications from the use of gen-AI in fashion…

‘An academic study credited with wiping a trillion dollars from the value of artificial intelligence stocks this week suggests lawyers are embracing the technology at a personal level – but with little effect on their firm’s bottom line. The report, released by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s NANDA initiative, reveals that, while most organisations are…

‘This short piece explores a widespread and yet underexamined or even overlooked misconception, that is, large language models (LLMs) function like traditional legal research databases. They do not. As a matter of fact, information retrieval from databases functions very differently from LLMs in terms of inputs, retrieval processes, and outputs. These differences have significant implications for…

‘AI risks entrenching racism and sexism in Australia, the human rights commissioner has warned, amid internal Labor debate about how to respond to the emerging technology.’ Link: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/aug/13/ai-artificial-intelligence-racism-sexism-australia-human-rights-commissioner

‘Five years after the landmark legal victory, how does UK immigration AI work now – and what immigration practitioners need to know.’ Link: https://www.ein.org.uk/blog/immigration-ai-2025-whats-actually-changed-streaming-algorithm

‘The billable hour has long dominated law firm pricing models. However, as artificial intelligence (AI) reshapes legal work, this traditional approach faces increasing scrutiny.’ Link: https://www.legalfutures.co.uk/blog/will-ai-finally-kill-the-billable-hour-the-rise-of-value-based-pricing

‘The public release of high-profile generative AI models in late 2022 and early 2023 spurred widespread concerns over ‘existential threats’ to humanity from AI. This paper explores how this AI ‘crisis’ impacted ongoing approaches to AI, altering policymakers’ strategies to govern these technologies. Drawing on policy analysis approaches that highlight the role of ideas, this…

‘A US medical journal has warned against using ChatGPT for health information after a man developed a rare condition following an interaction with the chatbot about removing table salt from his diet.’ Link: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/aug/12/us-man-bromism-salt-diet-chatgpt-openai-health-information

‘Business process outsourcing (BPO) companies manage the human work behind AI development. However, they face accusations of worker exploitation, underpayment and wage theft. Big tech companies benefit from this work model.’ Link: https://algorithmwatch.org/en/ai-revolution-exploitation-gig-workers/

‘Artificial intelligence (AI) is no longer a novelty in legal services. From contract analysis to legal research and automated correspondence, AI tools are already embedded in many firms’ day-to-day workflows. Yet the regulatory framework has failed to keep pace.’ Link: https://www.legalfutures.co.uk/blog/ai-and-the-solicitors-duty-of-competence-time-for-sra-guidance

‘A judge has criticised lawyers acting for a boy accused of murder for filing misleading information with the courts after failing to check documents created using artificial intelligence.’ Link: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2025/aug/14/judge-criticises-lawyers-acting-for-a-boy-accused-of-for-filing-misleading-ai-created-documents-ntwnfb

‘The paper aims to raise awareness of legal issues regarding AI, prompting wider discussion of the topic, and to act as a step towards identifying those areas most in need of law reform.’ Link: https://lawcom.gov.uk/news/artificial-intelligence-and-the-law-a-discussion-paper/

‘Artificial intelligence tools will be rolled out to all police forces to tackle grooming gangs.’ Link: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/police-ai-grooming-gangs-tackling-organised-exploitation-programme-b2802377.html

‘We must avoid inequalities between the global north and global south being perpetuated in the digital age.’ Link: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/ng-interactive/2025/aug/03/artificial-intelligence-global-south

‘OpenAI has updated its large language model (LLM) in ChatGPT to GPT-5, which it says takes a significant step towards artificial general intelligence (AGI). In a blog post, the company said GPT-5 delivers leaps in accuracy, speed, reasoning, context recognition, structured thinking and problem-solving.’ Link: https://www.computerweekly.com/news/366628697/Open-AI-closes-to-gap-to-artifgicial-general-intelligence-with-GPT-5

‘The legal profession is changing as generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools become embedded in legal research and practice. While AI tools promise increased efficiency, they also pose risks to cognitive development, including overload, overreliance, decision fatigue, and the erosion of metacognitive habits. This article applies cognitive psychology frameworks to examine how AI-assisted research affects legal…